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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00091_Text_res29t.txt
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1997-02-04
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One line of evidence comes
from studies of 6-to-12-week-
old human infants conducted
by T. G. R. Bower, then at
Edinburgh University. In
experiments on size constancy,
Bower conditioned infants to
turn their heads slightly in
response to a 12-inch cube at a
distance of 3.3 feet, using as a
reward a peek-a-boo
appearance of a hidden
experimenter. Bower then
moved the cube farther away, to
9.9 feet, to test for the presence
of constancy in the infants.
BowerΓÇÖs method thus
circumvented the difficulties
alluded to above of doing
experiments on perception
with very young infants. The
infants were not required to
move around in the
environment and not required
to learn a difficult size-
discrimination problem.
Based on a well-known fact
about conditioning discovered
by Ivan Pavlov, Bower reasoned
that, if the cube continued to
look much the same to the
infant, the conditioned
response should remain in full
force; to the extent that it
looked different, the response
should be weak or absent.
Bower found that infants
indeed continued to respond
vigorously when the same cube
was tested at the greater
distance, although its visual
angle was thereby reduced to
one-third its initial size. The
responsiveness to the 12-inch
cube at that distance was not
quite as great as to that cube
when it remained at the
original distance of 3.3 feet,
perhaps because the infants
were aware that the distance
had changed. They responded
only weakly, however, when a
cube three times larger, 36
inches in size, was placed at
such a distance (9.9 feet) that
its visual angle remained the
same as that of the initial
object. The results imply that
infants perceive size much as
we do, on the basis not of visual
angle alone but of constancy.